Nonnative populations in the United States are likely to have resulted as a release from aquaculture or from the aquarium trade (Simon and Thoma 2006, Thoma and Jezerinac 2000; Kilian et al. We highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data. Springer, Dordrecht. 2010. comm.). Table 1. Kats. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 43(1): 51-67. 1997. (eds.) Despite the focus of redclaw grow-out being earthen pond systems, there has been regular interest in the use of tank systems. Arranged in this manner, these bundles extend from the pond floor up into the water column providing many spaces and surfaces for the juveniles to utilise. Richert, J.C. and J. Sneddon. Despite all its positive attributes, the reasons for the lack of redclaw farming expansion remain uncertain. Feeding preferences and food selection of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, in habitats differing in food item diversity. There is often a considerable build-up of organic waste after a culture period. The top 27 animal alien species introduced into Europe for aquaculture and related activities. Resh. Freshwater pond based aquaculture, such as used for redclaw, has a distinct advantage over mariculture, in that the water can be used before or after the production phase for other agricultural purposes such the irrigation of crops. Huner. Mueller, K.W. No part of this site may be reproduced without permission. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 26(Suppl. Lodge, D.M. Complete enclosure netting and fencing is essential. The general management of juvenile rearing ponds is the same as that described in this fact sheet under ongrowing techniques. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. Redclaw can survive extended periods out of water provided they are kept cool and moist. Clearly, market demand for such crustaceans remains strong throughout the world, and freshwater production is generally less exposed to the conflicting resource use issues that face marine aquaculture. Mkoji. A period of at least 24 hours in the tank to permit purging of the gut is recommended prior to packing for transport. There exists no confirmed or documented case of commercial success for crayfish production in a tank system. Toronto: Queen’s printer for Ontario. Food choice by the introduced crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Redclaw proved to be well suited to cultivation, and the redclaw aquaculture industry was born, developing quickly and spreading throughout northern Australia, and soon afterwards overseas.Redclaw benefits from a host of physical, biological and commercial attributes that make it an excellent candidate for aquaculture. 1989. Feeding ecology of the exotic red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in the Guadiana River (SW Iberian Peninsula). Maintaining high levels of plankton involves regular checking of water quality and periodic fertilisation of the water with nitrogen and phosphorus (typically diammonium phosphate at 50 kg/ha). Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, Spain. and P.L. Chapter 20. Selection for increased weight at nine months in Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). [2021]. 2000. Copeia 2006(2):274-280. 2006. Commercial crayfish pellets are available and have proven to be effective. 2005. Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fisheries Commission 23: 634-648. Redclaw is considered an invasive species, and thus its introduction into many areas outside its natural distribution is considered risky. 2018). Sensitivity analyses for prices and yield showed that, at the annual yield of 394 kg per grow-out pond, the minimum price for the investment to be profitable was US$7.71/kg. It is physically robust with broad geographic potential, has a simple life-cycle and straightforward production technology, requires low protein diet and is economic to produce. Daniels. 2008. Intended disposal via the sanitary system (being flushed down toilets) is likely to be ineffective, as many P. clarkii has been seen in urban zones around waste water treatment areas, having apparently survived treatment (Indiana Biological Survey 2008). 1994. 1993. The food used will have an important bearing on production. & Richardson, N.A. Juvenile production and grow-out to market size are managed separately, although both are performed in earthen ponds. Accessed 14 November 2011. Available http://www.indiana.edu/~inbsarc/divcrustacean_files/divcrustacean_nonindigenous.html. Water is sourced from surface supplies or underground and should have a pH of 6.5-8.0, hardness of >40 ppm, and low levels of salinity (artificial shelters are essential; they should be abundant, and their shape, specification and positioning should permit water to drain out freely and completely as the pond is drained. 1998. Louisiana crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) (Crustacea: Cambaridae) in Kenyan ponds: non-target effects of a potential biological control agent for schistosomiasis. Diet of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in natural ecosystems of the Donana National Park temporary fresh-water marsh. Crustaceana 77(4): 435-453. Nyström, P. 1999. 2001. In this model farm, redclaw aquaculture was profitable, providing a profit of US$4.91/kg/year. Furthermore, the initial apparent success of many small farms that were in fact not of an economically viable scale has resulted in a stagnant industry that is not attractive to new investment. Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: Apparent patterns, processes, and biases. In: D.M. Bucciarelli, G.M., D. Suh, A.D. Lamb, D. Roberts, D. Sharpton, H.B. A-bomb against amphibians. 2018. It is also popular among anglers as bait for largemouth bass (WDFW 2003). First record of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda, Cambaridae), from Washington State, U.S.A. Crustaceana (Leiden) 74(9): 1003-1007. Crustacean Issues 12: 99-108. Journal of Crustacean Biology 35(5):682-685. Cairns, Australia. 2015. Survival rates and market weights are strongly correlated to farm management expertise. Prohibited aquatic animal species: Procambarus clarkii. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife's Aquatic Nuisance Species Classification. Bissattini, A. M., Traversetti, L., Bellavia, G., and M. Scalici. Life Cycle Diagrams. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems 385: 07-20. Accessed 28 October 2011. Ecology 75: 1265-1281. Mating takes place from April through June. All measurements must be made at the water / soil interface on the bottom, and a contingency plan must be developed to counter poor water quality by applications of lime or fertiliser, or flushing of the pond with fresh water. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information. This is despite many projections that it would become a significant aquaculture species worldwide, and possibly a rival of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). These are flushed seasonally with monsoonal wet season rains, which may wash the redclaw downstream. With this method, the pond is completely drained and all the crayfish are attracted into a trap. & Edgerton, B.F. 2002. state centroids or Canadian provinces). However, while research continues to provide useful information, particularly in regard to nutrition and reproduction, it is not a lack of knowledge that is limiting industry development. Robison, C.E. In: J.S. It produces fewer offspring. 2009). Feminella, J.W. In Gherardi, F. and Holdich, D.M. ), also called pill bugs, rolly pollies, potato bugs, or isopods, are also crustaceans, although the number of non-aquatic species in this subphylum is relatively low. Thoma. There may be between three to five broods during the breeding season. An illustrated checklist of the American crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae, Cambaridae, and Parastacidae). Research programmes have also operated in the USA (Auburn University, Kentucky State University), Mexico (CIBNOR) and Israel, some of which remain current. Protection against birds, rats and eels, and any other potential predators must be provided. (eds.) Harvesting may involve a number of methods, although the most effective is the use of a flow-trap; this exploits the strong response of redclaws to flowing water. Freshwater Crustaceans. 1990. 2000. Freshwater Crayfish 16: 77-85. Shifts in aquatic macroinvertebrate biodiversity associated with the presence and size of an alien crayfish. Ohio Crayfish and Shrimp Atlas. Production cycle of Cherax quadricarinatus. Kats. Hobbs, H.H., III., J.P. Jass, and J.V. 1990. and J.E. Accessed 18 May 2015. Freshwater Biology. 127-133. Diversity and Distributions 16: 798-803. Covich. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Procambarus clarkii are found here. Each year I use the Focus on a Cycle organizer from this book for my students to write and illustrate the four stages of a crayfish's life. Based on a sensitivity analysis which compared various grow-out periods, the most profitable option was 9 months and the least profitable was 12 months. Blue Crab Life Cycle. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Krill, shrimp, lobsters, crabs, and crayfish are examples of crustaceans. This process, called asexual reproduction, isn't necessarily common, but it does come in handy for some critters who might have trouble finding a date. Boets, P., K. Lock, R. Cammaerts, D. Plu, and P.L.M. McAlain, W.R. and R.P. Pavasovic, A., Anderson, A.J., Mather, P.B. The reason was purported to be low market price, and therefore lack of profitability. 1990. The maximum grow-out period without grading should be six to nine months to minimise the possibility of un-managed reproduction. Discover how you can be part of this rapidly expanding industry. Loss of diversity and degradation of wetlands as a result of introducing exotic crayfish. Its texture and flavour compares very favourably with commonly eaten marine crustaceans and, having the appearance of a lobster, is positioned at the premium end of the crustacean market spectrum. 1999. Profitability, based on Australian farm modelling, appears to be strong. Harper, F. Malaisse, S. Schmitz, S. Coley, A-C.G. Evaluation of practical diets containing different protein levels, with or without fish meal, for juvenile Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). 2. Aquaculture Nutrition, 11:283-291. Ecological impact of introduced and native crayfish on freshwater communities: European perspectives. Freshwater Biology 50: 697-704. They are bilaterally symmetrical and lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems; no body cavity (coelom) is present. It has reasonably high sensitivity to low temperature, which precludes its survival in waters where temperature falls below 10 ºC. Duarte, C., C. Montes, S. Agustí, P. Martino, M. Bernués, and J. Kalff. Gherardi, F. and V. Panov. Patterns in benthic food webs: A role for omnivorous crayfish?. Lodge. Freshwater Biology 24: 69-80. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2018. Fish is also an important staple of the adult winter diet, and males may eat fish in a higher proportion than do females. Jones, C.M. Whether on land or sea, the use of GPS to help direct and fine-tune your production is undoubtedly the future of farming. 2004. Redclaw from harvest to market: a manual of handling procedures. and R.F. Hydrobiologia 488: 129-142. 1996. Aquaculture, 189:63-71. At water temperatures above 25 ºC, a juvenile production pond stocked with male and female broodstock is ready for harvest in four months. The red swamp crayfish is readily available though the biological supply trade and may be released following classroom or laboratory use (Larson and Olden 2008; Kilian et al. & Sagi, A. Polychaeta (Poly = many, Chaeta = bristle) are the most diverse and most speciose group of the Annelida, containing over 5,500 species.. Bearded fireworm (Hermodice carunculata) from class polychaeta. Ups and downs of red claw crayfish farming in Ecuador. This species’ striking red color has lead to commercial advertisement as freshwater “lobster” for aquariums and may have sped up the species’ advance on the west branch of the Grand Calumet River in Indiana and Illinois (Simon et al. This species exhibits high fecundity: a 10 cm female can produce as many as 500 eggs, while a smaller female produces around 100 eggs (GISD 2011, Huner and Barr 1991). A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands: 129-140. Are you trying to break into aquaculture industry or already working in the field and looking to gain additional expertise for career development? A report for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. and the National Sea Grant College Program Connecticut Sea Grant. Karatayev, L.E. Cooked, they have the bright red appearance typical of premium crustaceans. Naturwissenschaften 91: 342-345. A $27 million project that aims to equip eastern Canada’s aquaculture operators with a suite of cutting-edge technologies to improve their operations in remote locations has been announced today. Procambarus clarkii outcompetes not only other native crayfish (Mueller et al. (ed.). While the risk remains, and may be manifested in more subtle ways, strict quarantine and security measures should be applied to redclaw farming. Nocturnal activity in the stationary phase does not appear to be driven by predatory avoidance (many of red swamp crayfish predators are also nocturnal) or prey capture (mostly herbivorous; Gherardi et al. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Aquatic Invasions 10(2):199-208. The regulatory environment in Australia has stifled investment despite the excellent production credentials of the species. Redclaw benefits from a host of physical, biological and commercial attributes that make it an excellent candidate for aquaculture. This disruption in the natural water cycle changes the amount of water, the volume of water and the timing of water flowing from the land and can lead to more intense floods. This guide from the FAO Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme provides information on farming red claw crayfish. The red swamp crayfish is typically dark red, with elongate claws (chelae) and head, a triangular rostrum tapering anteriorly without a central keel, reduced or absent spines on the side of the shell (carapace) between the head and thorax, and a linear to obliterate dorsal surface between the 2 carapace plates (areola), which converge (Boets et al. Setae on the anterior surface of the pleopod, closest to the terminal elements, have strong angular shoulders. Kouba, A., M. Buric, and P. Kozák. Annual production of redclaw in Australia has remained at less than 400 tonnes for the past decade through to 2011. * HUCs are not listed for states where the observation(s) cannot be approximated to a HUC (e.g. Managing invasive crayfish: is there a hope? Several potentially disease causing organisms, including protozoans, bacteria and viruses, have been identified in redclaw. and A.J. Burlakova, and D.P. Redclaw are mainly sold as a live product, although some processing, particularly cooking and freezing is undertaken. 2000. Behm, D. 2009. These owls would feast upon almost anything that flies, swims, wriggles, or runs. Both in Australia and overseas, years of work have been applied to this approach, and yet the only commercially viable operations for redclaw are earthen pond based. Barr. This initiates a plankton bloom, which provides additional, highly nutritious food and minimises light penetration. Spatial and temporal patterns in the movement of Procambarus clarkii, an invasive species. 58 pp. Unfortunately, such translocation has been widespread for more than two decades, and the impacts of this are now being revealed. 36 pp. Biofloc technology is a sustainable way to scale-up shrimp aquaculture, but how do the microbial flocs impact the microb…, While the insect farming industry is likely to "come of age" this decade, its overall impact on aquaculture may be more …, Collaboration between researchers and industry players is essential for the sector’s continued growth, according to key …. Peay, S., P.D. 2009, GISD 2011, NatureServe 2011). 2015. and W.H. Mueller, K.W. Grow-out periods may vary between 6 months and 15 months depending on the redclaw market weight the grower intends selling. The red swamp crayfish exhibits two types of behaviors—one a wandering phase which involves short peaks of high speed of movement, the other an immobile stage during which it hides in its burrow by day and only comes out at dusk to forage. There have been enough documented cases of high productivity to verify the production capacity of this species. Aquaculture Research, 31:61-67. The introduction of alien species of crayfish in Europe: A historical introduction, Pp. Hiley, P. Collen, and I. Martin. 2005). Procambarus clarkii females incubating eggs or carrying young may be found year-round, which contributes greatly to the success and abundance of this species, but optimal temperatures are 21-27°C; growth is inhibited below 12°C (Ackefors 1999, GISD 2011). Jones, C.M., McPhee, C.P. Procambarus clarkii in Lake Naivash, Kenya, and its effects on established and potential fisheries. The level of production likely from redclaw culture in tanks would return considerably less than the operating costs, and certainly far less than the setup costs. If crayfish are the suspected cause, the establishment of largemouth bass and bream will reduce crayfish populations. Avault. Anastácio, P.M. and J.C. Marques. Strong spines project from the inner face of the sixth joint (propodite); “knots” are present on the dorsal face or this joint (Boets et al. 1998; Hobbs 1993; Ilheu and Bernardo 1993; Pérez-Bote 2004; Smart et al. In Australia the regulatory environment is clearly an obstacle, and the risk of environmental permits not being issued retards investment. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables. During asexual reproduction, the pathogen produces distinct sporangia that differentiate zoospores. Redclaw farming appeared well suited to Ecuador where development grew quickly from 1994 through 1998, and then promptly collapsed. Recently hatched crayfish remain in the burrow with their mother as long as eight weeks and must molt twice before being self-sufficient (Hunter and Barr 1991). Correia, A.M. 2003. Red swamp crayfish/crawfish, Louisiana crayfish/crawfish. Hartman, A. and D. O’Neill. Terrestrial species like the wood lice ( Armadillidium spp. The planktonic organisms include both phytoplankton and zooplankton; it is primarily the latter that are consumed by the juvenile crayfish. 2006. Similarly, juvenile redclaw, which have slightly different feeding habits to the adults, cannot be cultured successfully in tanks because appropriate food cannot be provided. In: Gherardi, F. (ed) Biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution, and threats. Aphanomyces astaci is an oomycete pathogen that affects crayfish. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. Herbivory on freshwater macrophytes. 2007. Available http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/GISP/Resources/TropicalAsiaInvaded.pdf. 2002). 60 … Ecological Research 23: 729-734. Jones, C.M. The biological characteristics of redclaw are not typical of a highly invasive species. Although manufactured feeds have been developed for redclaw they do not appear to sustain acceptable growth rates in tank systems. Biological Invasions 7: 75-85. Accessed 18 May 2015. Available http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/conn/connt95002/connt95002full.pdf. 2010. Crayfishes, lobsters, and crabs of Europe: an illustrated guide to common and traded species. Its preferred habitat is in high turbidity, slow moving streams or static water holes (billabongs) that characterise the rivers in that region. Upper Midwest Invasive Species Conference. Riley, L.B. Other harvesting methods include bait trapping and drain harvesting with manual collection of stock. Barbaresi, S. and F. Gherardi. Gainesville, Florida. The red swamp crayfish is typically dark red, with elongate claws (chelae) and head, a triangular rostrum tapering anteriorly without a central keel, reduced or absent spines on the side of the shell (carapace) between the head and thorax, and a linear to obliterate dorsal surface between the 2 carapace plates (areola), which converge (Boets et al. From there they can be removed to tanks and sorted, counted and then stocked into the grow-out ponds. Product is purged prior to sale and is often held in saltwater (up to 15 ‰), which improves the flavour and its attractiveness to Asian markets. Eastern Screech Owls live in a variety of foods; in fact their diet is the most varied of any North American owl. Fuller. 2006; Gheraridi and Daniels 2004), but also other native animals, such as dragonfly nymphs (Bucciarelli et al 2018), and amphibians (Bélouard et al 2019), reducing their density in the habitat. It appears that crayfish may exhibit selectivity for particular plants but not among animal prey (Gherardi and Barbaresi 2007). Taylor, C.A., G.A. Environmental conditions in burrows and ponds of the red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. UMass Sustainable Aquaculture Online Courses. Aquatic Invasions 3: 465-468. Accessed [2/28/2021]. 1997. Egg production make take as short a period as six weeks, followed by a three-week period of incubation and maternal attachment and an additional eight weeks until egg maturation (GISD 2011). They are predominantly marine animals and are divided ecologically into the Errantia and the Sedentaria, depending on whether or not they live … 2005; Correia 2003; Gherardi and Barbaresi 2007, 2008; Gutiérrez-Yurrita et al. Nonindigenous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. All have been implicated at one time or another in some mortality or poor production from specific farms, although there has never been any documented widespread outbreak of disease. Redclaw is a tropical species and thus its farming can only be commercially viable in locations with a tropical climate. SURVEY . Burrowing behavior of the introduced red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in Portugal. Predation by an Exotic Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, on Natterjack Toad, Bufo calamita, Embryos: Its Role on the Exclusion of the Amphibian from its Breeding Ponds. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. Most produce between 300 and 800 eggs per brood. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25:653-667. Sometimes individual mesh shelters are removed and the juveniles shaken out. UMass Boston are offering an online aquaculture course, Introduction to Sustainable Marine Aquaculture undergraduate certificate. Mating Mating. Lodge, D.M., M.W. This resource could easily be used with any plant or animal life cycle you may be studying or … 2015. Recent economic analysis indicated that the cost of netting (including materials and installation) is equivalent to 15 percent of the value of one crop. Biocide treatment of ponds in Scotland to eradicate signal crayfish. Redclaw farms of substantial scale have been established in Morocco and in Spain, but production from these locations is unknown. At each harvest, the stock must be size-graded and re-distributed as breeding stock, for marketing, for further grow-out or to be culled and discarded. Redclaw is native to the upper reaches of rivers in northeastern Australia, and in Papua New Guinea. By maintaining good culture conditions that maximise survival and growth, crayfish stress is managed and the threat of disease minimised. Bleach set to eradicate Germantown's invasive crayfish. Cronin, G., D.M. Carlton, M.J. Wonham, and A.H. Hines. Pérez-Bote, J.L. 2002). O'Sullivan, D. Fielder, D. & Jones, C. 2003. The Biology and Aquaculture Potential of the Tropical Freshwater Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. The species also feeds on a variety of biota, including waterfleas, insects, and other crayfish (Gutiérrez- Yurrita et al. 2001. Hyde (ed), The New Rural Industries. Mavuti, W. Muohi, P. Ochieng, S.S. Stevens, B.N. Chapter 17. Identification: . If these principles are applied, an average yield of more than 5 tonnes/ha/crop should be achieved. 507-542. Besides the countries shown in the map, based on FAO statistical returns, redclaw farming activities are also known to exist in Belize, China, Indonesia, Israel, Morocco, Panama, Spain and the USA. Freshwater Biology 63(4):392-404. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/fwb.13080. 2005. An assessment of a bait industry and angler behavior as a vector of invasive species. & Ruscoe, I.M. This includes stocking with known numbers of advanced juveniles of at least 5 g. Uniformity of size is very important. Aquaculture, 237:131-140. Clark, W.H., and J.W. In other countries, redclaw farming has similarly failed to gain momentum. Accessed 14 November 2011. Parente, and A.M. Correia. Flesh texture and flavour compares favourably with other crustaceans. Tanks 2019. Gherardi, F., A. Raddi, S. Barbaresi, and G. Salvi. Schainost, S. - biologist, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Jones, C.M. Due to the cannibalistic nature of conspecifics in communal burrows, adult molting often occurs in the open, even in the presence of predatory fish (Hartman and O’Neill 1999). Nevertheless, it is a robust species, and every effort should be made to avoid its release into natural waterways. 2000). The most effective have a protein content of ~25 percent and a lipid content of 8 percent, and are composed primarily of grains. Globally, aquaculture production must double by 2030 to keep pace with demand. Schuster, J.E. Contributions in Biology and Geology, Vol 85. At this weight the farm-gate price was estimated to be US$12.50/kg. Unfortunately, tank systems are not likely to provide profitable returns. The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. A new tool that uses echo-sounding to generate more precise estimations of the number and size of the fish in a pen is being developed by researchers. 2004. This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. Arrignon, J.C.V., P. Gerard, A. Krier, and P.J. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Assessment of five shelter types in the production of redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae) under earthen pond conditions. 2011. 2012. It has a relatively low fecundity and is highly susceptible to predation. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and survival of juvenile Australian redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens). Attempted Eradication of Ambitious Architects: Procambarus clarkii, The Red Swamp Crayfish in three SE Wisconsin Ponds – Successes and Failures. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Efectos del vertido minero de Aznalcóllar sobre las poblaciones de cangrejo rojo americano (Procambarus clarkii) del río Guadiamar y Entremuros. Alcorlo, P., W. Geiger, and M. Otero. 2000. Hofkin, B. V., Koech, D. K., and Loker, E. S. 1991. This turtle lives in shallow water that has a good amount of plants growing in a mud bottom. Investigation of crayfish control technology. However, the most effective method is to employ a flow trap.
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